Birth Statistics for African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) Elephants in Human Care: History and Implications for Elephant Welfare

Authors

Robert H.I. Dale, Butler UniversityFollow

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

3-31-2010

Publication Title

Zoo Biology

First Page

87

Last Page

103

DOI

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20234

Abstract

African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) have lived in the care of humans for many years, yet there is no consensus concerning some basic parameters describing their newborn calves. This study provides a broad empirical basis for generalizations about the birth heights, birth weights, birth times and gestation periods of elephant calves born in captivity. I obtained data concerning at least one of these four characteristics for 218 newborn calves from 74 institutions. Over the past 30 years, newborn Asian elephants have been taller and heavier than newborn African elephants. Neonatal African elephants exhibited sex differences in both weight and height, whereas neonatal Asian elephants have exhibited sex differences only in height. Primiparous dams ex situ are at least as old as their in situ counterparts, whereas ex situ sires appear to be younger than sires in range countries. Confirming earlier anecdotal evidence, both African [N= 47] and Asian [N = 91] dams gave birth most often at night.

Rights

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article:

Dale, R. H. I. (2010). Birth statistics for African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants in human care: History and implications for elephant welfare. Zoo Biology. 29(2), 87-103. doi: 10.1002/zoo.20234

which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20234. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving'.

Recommended Citation

Dale, R. H. I. (2010). Birth statistics for African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants in human care: History and implications for elephant welfare. Zoo Biology. 29(2), 87-103. doi: 10.1002/zoo.20234. Available from: http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/352